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The history of Carmona begins at one of the oldest urban sites in Europe, with nearly five thousand years of continuous occupation on a plateau rising above the ''Vega'' (plain) of the River Carbones in Andalusia, Spain. The city of Carmona lies thirty kilometres from Seville on the highest elevation of the sloping terrain of the Los Alcores escarpment, about 250 metres above sea level. Since the first appearance of complex agricultural societies in the Guadalquivir valley at the beginning of the Neolithic period, various civilizations have had an historical presence in the region. All the different cultures, peoples, and political entities that developed there have left their mark on the ethnographic mosaic of present-day Carmona. Its historical significance is explained by the advantages of its location. The easily defended plateau on which the city sits, and the fertility of the land around it, made the site an important population center. The town's strategic position overlooking the ''Vega'' was a natural stronghold, allowing it to control the trails leading to the central plateau of the Guadalquivir valley, and thus access to its resources. The area around Carmona has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Although Paleolithic remains have been found, those of the Neolithic are much more abundant. The end of the Chalcolithic period between 2500 and 2000 BC is marked by the appearance of the profusely decorated vessels of the Bellbeaker culture from the necropolis of El Acebuchal. Scattered finds of ceramics have established Bronze Age occupation of the area, and by the late Iron Age this was a Tartessian settlement. From the mid-8th century BC, a stable core population had developed on the wide plateau where the current city is situated. With the arrival of Phoenician traders from Tyre, Carmona underwent a radical change. The Tartessian-Turdetani village was transformed into a city from its nucleus in the neighborhood of present-day San Blas. The circular huts were replaced by rectangular houses, built on the Phoenician model and arranged in a planned urban layout. The population built defences with walls of sloping masonry on its vulnerable western flank, and continued to consolidate until the mid-6th century BC, when the Tyrian Phoenician trade network disintegrated. Carthage then expanded its commercial hegemony, and by the beginning of the 5th century BC had established itself as the dominant military power in the western Mediterranean. During the 3rd century BC, Carthage made Iberia the new base for its empire and its campaigns against the Roman Republic, and occupied most of Andalusia. The name '"Carmona" may have derived from the Semitic root words, ''Kar'' (city) and ''Hammon'', (the sun-god worshipped in Carthage), as in ''Kar-Hammon'' (the "city of ''Hammon''").〔Alcázar puerta de Sevilla, La Historia de Carmona p https://proyectosieslosada.wikispaces.com/file/view/Alc%C3%A1zar+puerta+de+Carmona.+Modelo+2.pdf〕 From the Turdetani core, the city developed into an important Carthaginian trading colony; some remains of the walls of this stage are preserved in the Puerta de Sevilla. The conquest of the Iberian Peninsula in 237 BC by Punic Carthaginians under the command of Hamilcar Barca began a turbulent era which culminated in the Punic Wars and the Roman conquest. The Battle of Carmona was fought near the city in 207 BC, during the Second Punic War (218-202 BC). The Roman general Scipio defeated forces commanded by the Carthaginian generals Hasdrubal Gisco and Mago and the Numidian general Masinissa. This was one of Scipio's first major battles in Hispania; the engagement is described by Appian at 5.25-28 in his ''Iberica''. The Puerta de Sevilla (Seville Gate) and its bastion were built originally by the Carthaginians around 230–220 BC.〔Collins 1998, p.100〕 The Romans later made several modifications, focusing on reconstruction of the main access gate to the walled town, and modified the bastion itself, which, like the gate, still exists. The Romans conquered Carmona, as well as the other cities of the region under the rule of Carthage, in the Punic Wars; its "mighty wall" was mentioned by Julius Caesar in his ''De Bello Civile''. The city was made a tributary to Rome, and received the dispensation to mint its own coinage bearing the name "Carmo". Carmo was part of the Legal Convent of ''Asitigitana'' (Écija), and was granted the status of ''civium Romanorum'', its inhabitants being assigned to the rural tribe ''Galeria''.〔Rufino 2001, p.16〕 In the second half of the 1st century, with the social stability brought by the ''Pax Romana'', Carmo became a crossroads on the Via Augusta and an important outpost of the Roman empire (the highway was still used, and called ''El Arrecife'' in the Middle Ages; a few remnants of some sections and a bridge have survived). This period was perhaps the most culturally brilliant in the history of Carmona, and traces of it are still perceptible. The current city is laid out roughly on the Roman urban plan; the Cardo Maximus ran from the Seville Gate to the Cordoba gate, and the site of the ancient forum, now coinciding approximately with the ''Plaza de Arriba'', is still a centre of urban activity. At the end of the 3rd century, Carmona entered a gradual decline, which led eventually to: the dismantling of public and religious buildings, a general contraction of the urban area, the depopulation of nearby villages, and the abandonment of large landed properties. However, after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the dissolution of Roman authority in Hispania Baetica and its replacement by a Visigothic monarchy was a long, slow process. There was no sudden Visigothic invasion or conquest. The Visigoths were superior to the Hispano-Roman population only in the exercise of arms; economically, socially, and culturally the Hispanic population of the southern Iberian peninsula was more advanced.〔Payne 1973, p.6〕 Carmona may have been very briefly a part of Spania, a province of the Byzantine Empire that existed for a few decades (552–624) along the south of the Iberian peninsula. The Byzantines occupied many of the coastal cities in Baetica and the region remained a Byzantine province until its reconquest by the Visigoths barely seventy years later. 〔"And here to Sevilla, which could aspire to be the capital of Spain, occupying a position now bordering the Visigothic kingdom, which now has its capital in Toledo, and the domains of Byzantium, extending from the hillsides of Carmona to the province of Murcia."〕 From the beginning of the 8th century until the middle of the 13th century, the city was part of Muslim al-Andalus, and functioned as an Islamic society, leaving a deep imprint on its culture and physical appearance. Its most notable attestation comes from a decisive 763 battle between Abd-ar-Rahman I's troops and a pro-Abbasid force that confirmed the Umayyad commander's status as independent emir of Cordova. Carmona retained its political importance during the Muslim era, and became the capital of one of the first Taifa kingdoms. In 1057, Abbad II al-Mu'tadid, Emir of the ''Taifa of Išbīliya'' (Seville) drove the Almoravids from Qarmūnâ. In 1247, Qarmūnâ capitulated without resistance to Rodrigo González Girón, steward of the Christian king Ferdinand III of Castile. The terms of surrender guaranteed its Muslim population the opportunity to stay in their homes and keep their property, their religion and their customs, or to leave. In 1252, Alfonso X began the ''Repartimiento'', the distribution of large grants of land and homes to nobles, knights and smallholding citizens. Beyond rewarding his allies, the king's general policy was to repopulate the countryside by encouraging Christian settlers who could become landowners themselves. The disadvantaged and common laborers received plots which included a home and about 60 hectares of arable land in the Vega of the Corbones.〔Jiménez 2006 p.29〕 During the reign (1350–1369) of Pedro the Cruel, Carmona benefited from his predilection for the city. He enlarged the citadel of the Puerta de Marchena and made it one of his favored residences. This ''Alcázar del rey Don Pedro'' was the theatre of the siege by Henry of Trastámara against Pedro's chief steward, Martín López de Córdoba, who was confined there with the king's sons and treasure after his violent death in Montiel. Later, during the reigns of John II and Henry IV, Carmona was the scene where the rivalry between the noble houses of Ponce de León and Guzman played out. Carmona complied with the many requests from Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon for able-bodied men, soldiers and teamsters to wage their series of military campaigns in the Granada War ''(Guerra de Granada)'' (1482–1492). After the outbreak of hostilities between the Catholic Monarchs ''(Los Reyes Católicos)'' and the Emirate of Granada, troops from Carmona participated in nearly every operation of the war. 〔"Carmona and the War of Granada" González Jiménez, Manuel. "Aportación de Carmona a la guerra de Granada." Historia, instituciones, documentos 1 (1974): p.88.〕 In 1630, Philip IV granted Carmona the status of ''"ciudad"'' (city),〔Felipe Pizarro Alcalde, El Colegio de San Teodomiro de la Compañía de Jesús en Carmona, Carel: Carmona : Revista de estudios locales, ISSN 1696-4284, Nº. 6, 2008, pags. 2583-2672 DOI:(Revista) ISSN 1696-4284 page=2588〕 in exchange for 40,000 ducats. In 1885, the French-born English archaeologist George Bonsor discovered the Roman Necropolis of Carmona and excavated it with his colleague and business partner, the local academic Juan Fernández López. This ancient cemetery consists of hundreds of tombs, the largest of which are collective familial mausoleums. The majority are dated between the 1st century BC and the 2nd century AD. The necropolis was built and used mainly during the first centuries of Roman domination, so the bodies were usually cremated according to customary Roman rituals although there were also inhumations. Bonsor and Fernandez exploited the site commercially, selling many of the valuable antiquities discovered there. They raised an enclosure around their excavations and surrounded it with guards. In the center of the property they built an archaeological museum of functional design "in situ", which also housed Bonsor and his personal collection of objects; here he entertained visiting foreign archaeologists. The inauguration of the museum and public display of the necropolis took place on 24 May 1885. The same year Bonsor and Fernandez discovered two large tombs, popularly known as the Tomb of Servilia and the Tomb of the Elephant. The Carmona Archaeological Society ''(Sociedad Arqueológica de Carmona)'', a private scholarly group, was also founded in 1885. Based at number 15 San Felipe Street, next to the offices of the newspaper ''La Verdad'' ("The Truth"), the group sought to give a scientific and academic lustre to the Carmonan community. A large hoard of Visigothic gold coins was found in 1891 at La Capilla, about five miles east of Carmona. Only 67 of 505 coins were definitively identified. The ''Andalucista'' politician, writer, and historian Blas Infante, known as the father of Andalusian nationalism ''(Padre de la Patria Andaluza)'',〔http://www.congreso.es/public_oficiales/L7/CONG/BOCG/D/D_448.PDF〕 was seized and summarily executed 11 August 1936 by Franco's forces on the Seville road to Carmona at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. On 28 February 1980, a commission formed by nine representatives of all the Andalusian parliamentary parties met in Carmona and approved a first draft of the original Statute of Autonomy of Andalusia, or Statute of Carmona ''(Estatuto de Carmona)''; it was approved in 1981 by the Spanish national government. ==The origins of prehistoric Carmona== The Iberian Peninsula had been inhabited by hominids for at least 400,000 years before the arrival in southern Iberia of anatomically modern humans 28,000–30,000 years ago〔Duarte, Cidália, et al. "The early Upper Paleolithic human skeleton from the Abrigo do Lagar Velho (Portugal) and modern human emergence in Iberia." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences vol. 96 no.13 (1999): 7604-7609 http://www.pnas.org/content/96/13/7604.full doi:10.1073/pnas.96.13.7604 PNAS June 22, 1999 vol. 96 no.〕 〔Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwartz. "Hominids and hybrids: The place of Neanderthals in human evolution" Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences doi: 10.1073/pnas.96.13.7117 PNAS June 22, 1999 vol. 96 no. 13 7117-7119 http://www.pnas.org/content/96/13/7117.long〕 in the area presently occupied by the municipality of Carmona and its environs. Here Homo Sapiens practised a hunting and gathering lifestyle, living near rivers where game was most abundant and where there were raw materials for the manufacture of their primitive tools and weapons. With the later development and expansion of agriculture and animal husbandry in the Neolithic period, there was a radical change in social organisation and settlement patterns. As sedentism (living permanently in one place) was adopted, villages were formed as loose farming communities; these settlements were built near arable land and water, especially on river banks. The practice of cooperative agriculture led to higher crop yields and consequent population growth, putting pressure on resource areas required to produce food and necessitating their defense. Beginning in the late Neolithic and early Chalcolithic periods, villages were situated in naturally well-defended locations. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of Carmona, Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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